Don't Borrow Trouble! Mortgages, Home Equity Loans and Refinancing

Five Basic Tips
Seven Signs of Predatory Lending
Read these essential loan documents
Other pitfalls to avoid
Credit card debt vs. Home equity debt
Can I back out after signing?
The Basics: Review
Where to get help

Five Basic Tips

Are you looking for a home equity loan? Or are you trying to borrow money to buy a home? There are good deals and bad deals. If you don't want to get stuck with a bad one, be careful:

Beware of great deals that come to you by way of the phone, mail, fax or internet. More often than not, these too-good-to-be-true offers are scams.
Beware of home improvement contractors who offer to finance work on your home.
If you need a loan, check with your community bank first.
Read all paperwork carefully before you sign anything! A sales person may try to rush you into signing. Don't fall for this.
Take your time and get help. Insist on getting copies of all of the papers ahead of time. Take plenty of time to review them. Show them to a lawyer if you can. See page 5 for legal services offices.

Unfair dealing is commonly called predatory lending. Here are some of the most common abuses to watch out for.

Seven Signs of Predatory Lending

Excessive fees
Some fees (including a charge called points) are not included in the interest rate. They are easy to disguise or downplay. However, all of these fees must be disclosed in the papers you sign. Find out about any of these add-on fees before you sign. If you don't get good answers, don't sign. (Fees on the best loans are less than 1%. Fees on predatory loans can be more than 5%.)
Abusive prepayment penalties
This is a fee for paying off your loan early. Avoid this type of fee. An abusive penalty bars you from prepaying for a long time (more than three years) or charges you more than six months' interest to prepay. This will make it hard to pay off your loan early. In the prime market (where the best loans are made), only about 2% of home loans carry prepayment penalties of any length.
Kickbacks to brokers (yield spread premiums)
The broker is the person who sells you the mortgage; the lender is the bank, or other financial company, that actually lends you the money and services your loan. When you get a high interest loan, the lender often pays a yield spread premium" to the broker-- kickback for charging you a high rate. Find out if the broker is getting this type of kickback. The law requires that this information be disclosed to you in the loan documents. Be careful: This information may be buried and not clearly stated.
Loan flipping
If you are re-financing, be sure that you are getting a real benefit from the deal. Flipping happens when a lender makes money by getting you to take out a new loan, while you just get farther and farther into debt. This happens because every time you refinance, you pay more fees and charges. Flipping can drain away any equity you have in the property and increase your monthly payments.
Products you don't need
A lender may try to talk you into paying extra for extra insurances or other products along with the loan. Don't buy any extras that you don't really need.
Mandatory arbitration
Some loan contracts require mandatory arbitration, meaning that you are not allowed to take the lender to court if you find out that your lender has taken advantage of you illegally. Beware that this can severely limit your legal options later on if it turns out that your contract is illegal.
Steering and Targeting
A predatory lender may steer you into a sub-prime mortgage, even though you could qualify for a better loan. These loans are more expensive and more likely to have unfair penalties and the like. Lenders are good at convincing you that this is a better deal than it really is. A lender who says that you have poor credit may be exaggerating or lying. Reliable sources estimate that up to half of borrowers with sub-prime mortgages could have qualified for loans with better terms; you may be one of those borrowers.
Ask the lender for your credit score. This score is based on your credit history and other factors. According to the National Assoc. of Realtors, if your score is 650 or higher, you should be able to qualify for the best loan terms.

Or get your credit score online. For a $5.00 fee, you can get your credit score, along with a free annual credit report. If you use this online option, beware of pop-up credit offers. You are there to find out your credit score--not to get sucked into more unsolicited offers. You can also file credit requests by mail; get forms from the Maine Office of Consumer Credit Regulation.

Also, find out the prevailing prime mortgage rate in your area what local banks are charging. If you are paying more, ask questions or find another lender. Just one percentage point can increase the amount you pay back by many thousands of dollars.

Example: The local bank is charging 4% interest (APR) for home equity loans. Mrs. Jones, a 55-year-old widow, had been thinking about applying for a loan to help her pay for a new roof and some bathroom renovations. In the meantime, she gets a call from Cheatum Loan Services. They seem very nice and will come to her house to meet with her. They convince her to do some other home improvements, as well. She mortgages her house to them, borrowing $50,000 at 5% APR. Over a period of 30 years, she will owe $10,000 more in interest than she would have owed to the local bank at their 4% rate.

The video below is an example of predatory lending. But be careful! In the example, the receptionist and loan agent aren't very polite or attentive. It is likely that a real-life scammer will be very polite and responsive. But you still need to watch out, and say "NO!"

There is a lot of paperwork. Where do I find the essential information I need to know?

Get copies of all the papers. Review them ahead of time before you close the deal.

Here are some of the key documents you need to review and understand:

Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act (HOEPA) disclosure
The lender must give you this information if you are being charged an especially high interest rate or fees. This is a big clue that you may be getting a bad deal. Get legal advice before signing!
HUD-1 Settlement Statement
This breaks down all of the expenses you will be paying for. Question the charges that seem too high and the services you may not need. Make sure you understand all of them.
Truth-in-Lending Act (TILA) Disclosure
This tells you the rate of interest (APR, or Annual Percentage Rate) you will be paying. It also tells you the total amount you will be paying over time.
Mortgage document
This sets out all of the terms of your mortgage agreement, such as a prepayment penalty or mandatory arbitration clause. See Seven Signs above.
Good Faith Estimate
This explains the total costs that a broker promised you. Make sure that the papers you sign later on reflect the numbers in the estimate. If they don't, you are likely the victim of a bait and switch scam.
Notice of Rescission
This tells you about your right to cancel a home equity or refinancing loan within 3 days. Read more below.

Any lawyer you consult will need to see all of your paperwork, especially the ones listed above.

A few other pitfalls to avoid

As home prices rise, more lenders are selling specialty mortgages. These creative lending deals can help borrowers get lower monthly payments. But they also pose risks. Here are some common examples to watch out for.

Balloon payments. You make relatively small monthly payments for a few years, followed by a very large payment.
Interest only loans. You make interest only payments for a few years. Then your payments become much higher when you begin paying off your principal.
40-year mortgages. Creates lower monthly payments but you pay much more over time, due to the added interest. Compare longer and shorter terms to see how much you might save.

Example: Cheatum Loan Services convinces a young couple, the Browns, to take out a 40 year mortgage to buy a mobile home, instead of the conventional 30 year mortgage. If the Browns borrow $50,000 at a 5% rate of interest (APR), this will reduce their payments by $27 each month. But over the course of the 40 year loan, they will pay $66,000 in interest, instead of the $46,000 of interest they would have paid with the local bank's 30 year loan. That's $20,000 more!

Although these types of specialty mortgages, and others, may help some borrowers in some situations, watch out! You do not want to set yourself up for failure. Why pay a lot of money for a house that you are likely to lose later on? Do you really want to put your home at risk, even though a fast cash deal is tempting you? Also, ask yourself if you can find a better deal that is less risky and will cost less money in the long run.

Is it a good idea to consolidate my debt, such as credit card debt, with a home equity loan?

Probably not. Credit card companies, as well as many other lenders, are unsecured creditors. This means that they cannot automatically take your home if you fall behind in payments. Also, if you get too far in the hole, filing for bankruptcy can help you get out from under your unsecured debt. On the other hand, when you mortgage your home to secure a debt, the lender can foreclose on your mortgage and take your home if you fall behind or break the agreement. So, it is usually not a good idea to borrow on your house when you don't have to.

Having second thoughts after signing a home equity or refinancing agreement?

Act quickly. You have 3 days to cancel the deal. Better to get legal advice before you sign. But if you realize right away that you shouldn't have signed, or you are having doubts about the deal, seek legal advice immediately. After 3 days, your absolute right to cancel ends.

When you close on a home equity or refinancing loan, the lender must give you 2 copies of a Notice of Rescission (Cancellation). Send this form to the lender to cancel the deal. You must send it within the 3 day period; the lender does not have to receive it within the 3 days. This right does not apply when you are buying a home.

The Basics: Review

Don't take the first loan you are offered. Shop around.
Ask questions.
If you don't understand the loan terms, talk to a lawyer, or someone you trust, to look at the documents with you.
Be suspicious of ads promising "No Credit? No Problem!" If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
Ignore high-pressure sales tactics, and don't jump into a deal that sounds good without taking time to check it out first.
Remember that a low monthly payment isn't always a 'deal.' Look at the total cost of the loan.
Be wary of promises to refinance the loan to a better rate in the future.
Never sign a blank document or anything the lender promises to fill in later.